Title : Shoplifting in addition to Loss Prevention: Do We Need a Fresh Look?
Traditional Loss Prevention is usually not working. If the idea was working, the retail world might not still be suffering $35 million or more a day in losses. If the idea was working, retail owners in addition to store directors might not be going through security in addition to loss prevention officers or the security companies they represent like the free samples they often hand out to customers. Security experts in addition to loss prevention companies might not be constantly scrambling for completely new accounts, or be in conflict with the accounts they service.
Shoplifting is usually one of the least detected in addition to most unreported crimes. Stock control in many stores is usually so deficient that will few retailers know how many goods they are losing to shoplifters or their own staff. Statistically, so long as shrinkage does not exceed 2-3% of goods sold, retailers pay little attention to shoplifting. There are also financial incentives for managers to raise the bottom line profits. The bonuses they receive are often based on profit margins, in addition to paying for security services can be a drag on profits. Managers are under constant pressure to justify expenses in a corporate world driven by profit.
Retailers have spent millions trying to address the problem of shoplifting. They invest in cameras in addition to recording equipment in addition to hire plainclothes officers or uniformed officers in an attempt to catch the shoplifter. Our personal experience has taught us that will many retailers' perception is usually that will if shoplifters are not being caught in addition to arrested; the security company is usually not doing its job. Arrests are a tangible result inside the eyes of many retail managers in addition to administrators. the idea is usually justifiable proof that will the money they are spending on loss prevention is usually indeed paying off in addition to as a result there is usually a stink inside the air. There is usually often an unspoken expectation directed toward the loss prevention/security officer, which goes something like that will: "If you are not creating arrests, you must not be doing your job. If you are not doing your job, why are we paying you?"
Let's think outside the box for a moment. If there was a method of effectively deterring shoplifters, in addition to officers were successful at the idea, might retail managers in addition to administrators recognize the idea? After all, there will be very few arrests if the "prevention" part of loss prevention is usually successful. In fact, if the officer is usually doing the job well they will be creating fewer arrests in addition to having fewer confrontations; not more. We encourage retail managers in addition to administrators to take the time to fully understand the problem of shoplifting, along with the legal in addition to safety challenges the security officer faces in every interaction they have having a customer or potential shoplifter.
not bad security companies are hard to find, however those who excel understand their business. They hire not bad officers, use sound techniques, train their officers well in addition to manage personnel to the best of their ability. Unfortunately the "way we have always done business" holds many of their abilities captive. Rather than becoming a partner in deterring theft, the loss prevention officer becomes a necessary evil. The officer is usually often disdained by the retailers that will hired them, yet is usually required in order to reduce liability in addition to curtail theft.
Defining the Main Issues
• The largest problem inside the area of retail loss is usually the inability of Loss Prevention Specialists to convince in addition to persuade store owners in addition to managers to improve their security based on solid research.
• Retailers install state of the art camera systems, in addition to then fail to train officers how to use them effectively. Sometimes retailers do not maintain their camera systems. Or perhaps the cameras are not placed in critical locations. Some hidden cameras should actually be exposed.
• Many retailers in addition to some security companies use emotion rather than research to guide critical decisions regarding officer work hours in addition to loss prevention methods.
• Retailers under-staff shifts which results in officers not being effective. Imagine one checkout clerk to 100 customers. Yet, there exists an expectation that will one officer on duty will be able to effectively monitor cameras, patrol the property, make regular rounds in addition to address any safety issue that will spontaneously arises in addition to catching all shoplifters. The statistics tell us that will 1 in 11 people shoplift. How does one officer effectively accomplish all that will?
• Retailers put an enormous amount of pressure on officers to produce results. that will landed one retailer inside the middle of a lawsuit as officers went beyond the legal limits to produce results. the idea cost the retailer over $50,000 inside the resulting lawsuit. 50K goes a long way. Depending on how you work the numbers, that will amount is usually equal to the amount the idea might have cost to employ one loss prevention officer for over 3,000 hours. The manager responsible for the debacle wanted results. He was heard to say to his officers; "Go stir something up. Let's get something going." He received costly results.
• The Retail Industry doesn't listen. I recently provided consultation to a retailer where one of the managers insisted plainclothes officers confront customers parking in "no parking" zones; despite the fact the retailer had sworn uniform police officers patrolling the parking lot whenever the store was open. Common sense might dictate the police officer might be the logical one to speak to customers about parking violations; not the loss prevention officer.
• Retailers in addition to Loss Prevention Specialists have little respect for each different. Time in addition to time again retail managers have expressed their frustration with the officer who is usually assigned to their store however shows up late, in a dirty uniform in addition to is usually more interested in fraternizing with employees rather than catching shoplifters. that will is usually a legitimate complaint in addition to the burden rests squarely on the hiring procedures in addition to training requirements of the Loss Prevention/Security Company.
In summary, there are many retailers in addition to loss prevention personnel who just don't get the idea. Neither one wants to spend money to facilitate sound loss prevention principles inside the spirit of excellence. The retailer wants to dictate the mission of loss prevention without looking at the available research. Retailers are not bad at what they do; selling things. They are not security in addition to loss prevention experts. Yet, they demand results.
Can you imagine the response to the loss prevention officer who walks into the retail manager's office in addition to suggests how they might better cost some of their items? Conversely, loss prevention companies complain about the way they are treated by retailers while providing them officers that will are indifferent in addition to unprofessional. There needs to be some open dialogue about these issues.
To wage a war one first must understand the enemy. To find any solution the idea is usually desirable to understand the problem first. Let's take a look at who the shoplifter is usually.
Shoplifting Facts
Information in addition to statistics provided by the National Association for Shoplifting Prevention, a non-profit organization.
• More than $13 billion worth of goods are stolen via retailers each year. that will's more than $35 million per day.
• There are approximately 27 million or 1 in 11 people, who shoplift in our nation today. More than 10 million people have been caught shoplifting inside the last several years.
• Shoplifting affects more than the offender. the idea overburdens the police in addition to the courts, adds to a store's security expenses, costs consumers more for goods, costs communities lost dollars in sales taxes in addition to hurts children in addition to families.
• Shoplifters steal via all types of stores including department stores, specialty shops, supermarkets, drug stores, discounters, music stores, convenience stores in addition to thrift shops.
• There is usually no profile of a typical shoplifter. Men in addition to women shoplift about equally as often.
• Approximately 25 percent of shoplifters are kids, 75 percent are adults. 55 percent of adult shoplifters say they started off shoplifting in their teens.
• Many shoplifters buy in addition to steal merchandise inside the same visit. Shoplifters commonly steal via $2 to $0 per incident depending upon the type of store in addition to items chosen.
• Shoplifting is usually often not a premeditated crime. 73 percent of adult in addition to 72 percent of juvenile shoplifters don't plan to steal in advance.
• 89 percent of kids say they know different kids who shoplift. 66 percent say they hang out with those kids.
• Shoplifters say they are caught an average of only once in every 48 times they steal. They are turned over to the police 50 percent of the time.
• Approximately 3 percent of shoplifters are "professionals" who steal solely for resale or profit as a business. These include drug addicts who steal to feed their habit, hardened professionals who steal as a life-style in addition to international shoplifting gangs who steal for profit as a business. "Professional" shoplifters are responsible for 10 percent of the total dollar losses.
• The vast majority of shoplifters are "non-professionals" who steal, not out of criminal intent, financial need or greed however as a response to social in addition to personal pressures in their life.
• The excitement generated via "getting away with the idea" produces a chemical reaction resulting in what shoplifters describe as an incredible "rush" or "high" feeling. Many shoplifters will tell you that will that will high is usually their "true reward," rather than the merchandise itself.
• Drug addicts, who have become addicted to shoplifting, describe shoplifting as equally addicting as drugs.
• 57 percent of adults in addition to 33 percent of juveniles say the idea is usually hard for them to stop shoplifting even after getting caught.
• Most non-professional shoplifters don't commit different types of crimes. They'll never steal an ashtray via your house in addition to will return to you a $20 bill you may have dropped. Their criminal activity is usually restricted to shoplifting in addition to therefore, any rehabilitation program should be "offense-specific" with that will crime.
• Habitual shoplifters steal an average of 1.6 times per week.
• Statistically, the majority of shoplifting incidents occur late inside the week, between Wednesday in addition to Saturday. different high-risk times include non-school days, late mornings in addition to late afternoons into the evening.
Employee fraud aside, we believe the most important statistic is usually: The vast majority of shoplifters are "non-professionals" who steal, not out of criminal intent, financial need or greed however as a response to social in addition to personal pressures in their life, in addition to shoplifting is usually addicting.
Differentiating Types of Shoplifters
Author Terry Shulman (JD, MSW, CSW, ACSW, CAC-I) divides shoplifters into six distinct groups, each with certain identifiable characteristics in addition to expected responses if they are caught. The percentage that will follows is usually Shulman's estimate as to the percentage of the total shoplifting population that will the particular group comprises. Note: These percentages will change to some degree depending on the demographics of the area.
• The Addictive-Compulsive Shoplifter represents 85% of the shoplifter population. that will group emotionally incorporates a lot of repressed anger in addition to often exhibits signs of different compulsive addictions, such as overeating, shopping, drug use, or gambling. These people often give to others in addition to don't take care of themselves. Typically, they will steal items that will are often inexpensive, in addition to then give them to others as gifts. If caught, they will show guilt, shame, or remorse. Often, they will breakdown in addition to cry when caught in addition to confronted.
• The Professionals are those who steal for profit or lifestyle in addition to they represent 2% of the shoplifter population. Professionals will try to steal high-end, expensive items, often stealing multiple items at one time. Many carry tools in addition to utensils on them to assist with the theft. Most likely, that will group will resist arrest if confronted in addition to will attempt to flee the store. If caught in addition to detained, they will remain cool in addition to calm, showing no remorse or emotion.
• The Impoverished are those who steal out of economic need in addition to they represent about 5% of the shoplifter population. Typically, they will steal necessities, like food, diapers, toiletries, or children's clothing. Often, their manner of dress in addition to hygiene may be poor. If caught, they will usually show remorse, however state their frustration with their lack of money, in addition to may voice hostility against a "System" that will keeps them impoverished.
• The Thrill Seeker steals on a dare or for the excitement. They represent 5% of the shoplifter population. These shoplifters will often steal in groups. Many teenagers fall into that will category.
• Drug Addicts steal to pay for their drug habit in addition to they represent 2% of the shoplifting population. Like Professionals, they prefer stealing expensive, high-end items, usually multiple items at a time. Their appearance often shows signs of substance abuse. They often carry drugs or drug paraphernalia on themselves. They are usually less careful than the Professional, however will likely flee the store if confronted.
• Kleptomaniacs are people who steal for no apparent reason in addition to they represent 1% of the shoplifter population. Kleptomaniacs are impulsive in addition to often careless. They will often take items they don't need in addition to can't use, like stealing shoes that will don't fit. If caught, many will admit they are kleptomaniacs in addition to do not feel much remorse or shame. They will often use common excuses, like "I don't remember taking the idea", or "I don't know why I took the idea because I don't even need the idea".
Narrowing the Focus
The focus of loss prevention should be prevention. Prevention policies in addition to techniques should be aimed at the people responsible for 85% of losses; the Addictive-Compulsive Thief.
The behavioral characteristics that will should be considered when looking toward techniques that will are effective with that will group are:
• There is usually a recurrent failure to resist obsessive, addictive, or compulsive thoughts in addition to urges to steal objects.
• There is usually already an ever-present tension in their lives well before commission of the theft.
• The act of shoplifting brings pleasure in addition to relief at the time of, or just after committing theft.
• They usually feel guilt or shame afterwards.
• The stealing is usually very often acting-out behavior based in anger, or a way of trying to "make life right."
• The stealing is usually not due to Conduct Disorder or Antisocial Personality Disorder. Most people who steal are not bad, caring, law-abiding people.
• that will group of people is usually at risk of cross-addiction.
You right now have a behavioral snapshot of the psychology behind the people primarily responsible for most of the shoplifting inside the United States. The customer causing most of the loss in retail is usually doing so compulsively, successfully, often, spontaneously in addition to is usually undeterred when caught. that will person is usually possibly as addicted to shoplifting as is usually the drug addict to the drug.
Fear of consequences does not deter that will type of shoplifter. Prosecuting shoplifters does not deter future shoplifting. Many have been arrested before in addition to already know the potential of jail is usually there, however they are too smart to get caught.
We recognize there are store managers who, regardless of research, cling to "old-school" techniques including catching as many shoplifters as possible, believing word will spread around the community that will their store is usually one the shoplifter should avoid because of aggressive enforcement. The key here may not be in sending everyone to jail, however in raising the perception the shoplifter will get caught. If you choose that will route, the idea is usually best accomplished by catching as many shoplifters as possible in addition to processing them quickly. the idea may be well worth considering just trespassing the offender, by-passing the arrest reports in addition to waiting for the police to arrive. If the merchandise is usually recovered in addition to the shoplifter can be quickly processed that will way, word will spread. By doing so a store can create an illusion they are catching everyone. However, that will strategy does not address the core problem.
Framing the Solution
I have had significant professional experience with people who are struggling with addiction. Additionally, I have had contact having a large number of rehabilitation in addition to recovery programs. There is usually one principle in addiction you can almost always count on. Until the addict reaches their own personal bottom, outside intervention has little impact, as evidenced by the large majority of shoplifters who have been caught however continue to shoplift. Additionally, addicts are experts at manipulation in addition to deceit. They know how to reach their goal.
Most addicts in recovery have their own story to tell; how they hit bottom. the idea is usually unlikely that will the Retail in addition to Loss Prevention industry is usually going to facilitate the recovery of the shoplifting addict as that will is usually not part of their mission. However, they can put some simple things in place to get the addict to think about their behavior. One of the soundest techniques with compulsive in addition to impulsive people is usually to get them to slow down; to think through their actions in addition to the potential consequences. Retailers can do that will.
Impulsive people tend to develop psychiatric problems, be substance abusers in addition to are characteristic of anti-social personality disorder. Normal inhibitions, which most of us possess, get no time to rise in these people. If the impulsive person's internal inhibition had a voice, the idea might be saying; "I am not responsible for my life." If the impulsive person's external inhibition had a voice, the idea might be saying; "I have no control; my life is usually ruled by external events." The need to satisfy immediate needs is usually all they focus on. that will impulsivity is usually most effectively diffused by keeping them inside the "here in addition to right now", not yesterday or tomorrow.
The technique of getting them to slow down in addition to think about what they are about to do is usually central to many cognitive-behavioral interventions for the addict. the idea teaches them how to stop before acting impulsively in addition to think about the cause in addition to effect relationships of their intended behavior. Beyond that will, the idea encourages them to verbalize to themselves or others what they will do, in addition to then do the chosen behavior. Again, the purpose of the technique is usually to slow down the impulsive thinking long enough to get them into the "here in addition to right now".
Before we apply that will principle to loss prevention, let's take a look at some loss prevention research. Then, we will consider some simple techniques with the primary focus in addition to goal being to pull the impulsive shoplifting addict into the here in addition to right now.
Loss Prevention Research
Loss prevention is usually not complicated. Once the asset or merchandise to be protected is usually determined, figure out what losses you are willing to accept. Then, based on finances, begin to put barriers in place between that will merchandise in addition to the person intent on stealing the idea. You implement these barriers in concentric circles, starting via the outside perimeter working in towards the identified merchandise.
1. One well-known study showed that will when specific merchandise was prominently marked with large red stars as being frequently taken by shoplifters, shoplifting was virtually eliminated. Researchers explained that will publicly identifying specific items made the threat of detection in addition to apprehension tangible.
2. Research suggests that will plainclothes store detectives have only a limited impact on shoplifting. A study in a large London music store showed the store might need to hire 17 times more than the 4 store detectives they had on duty to catch all the shoplifters likely to enter the store. Advertising an officer's presence (uniformed officer) incorporates a greater deterrent effect than a plainclothes officer, however the idea may also mean that will shoplifters exercise greater caution. Little is usually known via research about the effectiveness of the uniformed security guard. In general, guards who continually move around, creating an active, visible presence, are likely to be more effective.
3. There is usually little evidence that will prosecuting ordinary shoplifters is usually an effective preventative measure. Consequently, there is usually considerable value in creating the arrest procedure more efficient.
4. Civil Recovery: In nearly ½ of these cases, the sums are paid. Civil recovery is usually not meant to be a substitute for criminal proceedings. Rather, the idea is usually meant to provide an extra shoplifting deterrent.
5. Banning known shoplifters: Little is usually known about the effectiveness of that will practice, however the idea might have some limited value.
6. CCTV. Research indicates the value of cameras is usually directly related to the sophistication of the system used. Effectiveness is usually usually quite marked inside the first few months after installation, however then tapers off. The explanation with that will by researchers is usually that will might be offenders become increasingly desensitized to CCTV. We think the idea is usually also likely that will officers eventually get into work patterns that will may reduce their time in CCTV monitoring.
7. Using Electronic article surveillance in addition to tagging (EAS). Multiple studies have shown that will practice could reduce inventory shrinkage via 35-75%. There are, however, considerable costs in buying in addition to running EAS systems.
Recommendations
Before implementing any strategies, you should make attempts to measure the problem first. is usually there an inordinate amount of roll-outs occurring? Where are the most opened items in addition to cases found? the idea is usually not bad to define the greatest areas of vulnerability, in addition to then employ strategies that will target the vulnerability. Highest risk items should be given greatest protection.
Parking Lots: Keep the parking lot in addition to outside entrance doors clean in addition to neat. Mount an obvious camera inside the area. Keep "no parking" areas clear.
Cameras: Mount CCTV at the front entrance of the store: customers will see themselves on television while walking into the store & when leaving. Monitors should be conspicuously placed. For covert surveillance the idea is usually preferable to possess the camera camouflaged, as most internal cameras are. Use these cameras to catch the offender doing something wrong without advertising they are being watched. Most people do not look up in any environment unless prompted to do so. that will is usually why these cameras work well in those situations. However, for deterrence, you want people to know there is usually a camera watching them. The camera does not have to be real, however the idea should be obvious. After all, perception is usually most people's reality.
Signs at the Store Entrance: These signs should indicate that will the store is usually monitored by camera surveillance, security personnel, in addition to undercover officers in addition to that will the store incorporates a zero tolerance policy towards shoplifters.
Several years ago I was asked to consult for a store that will was leasing space at a major mall for a limited time to sell clearance products. I advised them to put signs at the entrance to the store space indicating the store was being monitored by electronic in addition to human surveillance. Within 24 hours the store owner was approached by mall administrators telling them to remove the signs, because they did not want the public getting the wrong impression. that will, of course, made no sense at all, in addition to was clearly based on the administrator's fear that will such a sign might plant the perception of a criminal presence into the mind of shopper.
We suggest something completely new in addition to different; a direct statement to the person responsible for 85% of the shoplifting - the addictive/compulsive thief. The sign might read; "If you are struggling with shoplifting addiction, we recommend you consider the consequences of shoplifting. You will be arrested in addition to prosecuted vigorously. There will be legal charges you will incur. You will be trespassed via that will store in addition to post your picture. We also contact one immediate family member in addition to inform them of your actions. Please consider contacting Shoplifters Anonymous at xxx-xxx-xxxx or ShopliftersAnonymous.com." We might go as far as to suggest perhaps there be pamphlets available as well to the shoplifting addict. that will provides further intervention in addition to a public relations side benefit is usually the obvious concern the store has for those struggling with addiction.
Suggested Sign Language
• These premises under Video in addition to Officer Surveillance. We prosecute all security offenses.
• We reserve the right to inspect all bags entering or leaving that will facility.
• Warning! All activities are recorded on video to aid inside the prosecution of any crime committed on these premises.
• Notice! For security reasons individuals entering or leaving the premises may be subject to search of their parcels or different unusual items.
• Free! Ride in a police car if you shoplift via that will store.
• Attention Compulsive Shoplifters! If you are struggling with shoplifting addiction, we recommend you consider the consequences of shoplifting. You will be arrested in addition to prosecuted vigorously. There will be legal charges you will incur. You will be trespassed via that will store. We also contact one immediate family member in addition to inform them of your actions. Please consider contacting Shoplifters Anonymous at xxx-xxx-xxxx or ShopliftersAnonymous.com.
• Attention all shoppers! Merchandise marked with red stars are items being frequently taken by shoplifters.
Instruct your employees in addition to loss prevention or security officers to make direct eye contact in addition to speak to as many customers as possible. Customer service is usually one of the easiest in addition to most effective ways of deterring the shoplifter. A shoplifter needs privacy to steal. not bad customer service greatly reduces the customer's privacy through visible contact in addition to direct communication. that will direct communication translates into an unconscious message of "bonding" between the store in addition to the potential thief. the idea unconsciously deters the notion of shoplifting. the idea is usually more difficult to steal via someone you know than a complete stranger. Make the customer feel welcome. Make the customer happy. Make the customer feel that will you are ready to help them with their shopping needs. Start a conversation; anything to create a bond with the customer.
inside the event that will the officer or employee suspects a customer is usually attempting to steal, they should immediately approach the customer in addition to offer assistance. The potential shoplifter is usually likely to think they have just been observed shoplifting. If they think they are caught, they may want to leave the stolen item inside the store. There are several ways of handling that will. The officer can just back off so the shoplifter can "unload" the item. If there is usually some certainty they have concealed an item, an employee might offer to hold the idea for them at the register until they are ready to check out. Most employees have little interest in acting in a security or loss prevention capacity. that will attitude must be nurtured by managers.
Match a uniform officer having a plainclothes officer for every hour of loss prevention coverage. They provide two very distinct functions. Our research indicates that will is usually the best combination to deter theft. One without the different simply lacks the overall effectiveness they have working together. If the budget allows only one officer, we recommend a uniform officer who spends a great deal of their time concentrating on the primary issues presented in that will article.
Mount an obvious camera, or dummy camera, in areas of commonly stolen items. If using a camera encased inside the fiberglass bubble, the bubble should be placed low enough so the potential thief can see the idea.
Environmental Design is usually important. Access to the shoplifter's target should be time consuming. Mirrors can be used to see around corners, or to make the potential shoplifter think they are being watched. Electronic tags are a possibility for the little, expensive items that will grocery stores sell like health in addition to beauty products in addition to cigarettes. Sign in addition to posters can be used to reinforce security messages. They should be placed where potential shoplifters will see them in addition to around the store in various locations, particularly around high-risk merchandise. the idea raises the perception that will the store is usually serious about security. Direct customer traffic. Utilize less entrances in addition to exits. Reduce passageways, blind corners in addition to hidden alcoves. Reduce high displays that will conceal shoppers. Arrange aisles that will staff can easily survey via one end to the different. Remember, goods on the ground floor in addition to near entrances are at greater risk of theft, because the shoplifter is usually inside the store for less time in addition to is usually thus at less risk of getting caught. Move hot products into higher security zones.
Post an officer or employee near the entrance just to check for a receipt. You may have noted at some of the Superstores like Costco in addition to Sam's there is usually restricted customer entry in addition to exit. Most have to enter in addition to exit through one door. When exiting, there is usually an employee standing there to take the customer receipt in addition to match the idea against their merchandise. that will, we realize, may be unrealistic in a grocery setting, however just checking for a receipt, in addition to not checking the idea against the merchandise may have an overall effect.
Please consider the study in which specific merchandise was prominently marked with large red stars as being frequently taken by shoplifters in addition to shoplifting was virtually eliminated.
We like keeping things simple in addition to that will one is usually a "no-brainer". Either post store personnel close to the area most items are taken via or take those items in addition to move them to an area where they are in direct eye-line sight of employees. Lacking these actions, we suggest you put up a camera or dummy camera inside the area in addition to make the camera obvious, or post a uniformed security guard in that will area.
I recently spoke to a retail manager at a major chain who indicated he has suggested, for several years, that will the aisle containing frequently stolen items be moved to an area within employee view. The suggestion has fallen on deaf ears. Those who are in authority over him have decided aesthetics in addition to consistency between stores takes precedence over these losses. In these incidences little can be done to prevent loss.
We encourage all the traditional techniques of loss prevention, however only if they are effective. We do believe that will there needs to be a shift inside the focus of loss prevention via protecting the merchandise to directly addressing the shoplifter responsible for most theft. Loss Prevention in addition to Retail Operations needs to begin to communicate more effectively, taking a fresh look at how they approach shoplifting.
The Bottom Line
In summary, you have just read a significant amount of information which, if implemented, can have a profound impact on losses.
1. Determine the focus of the problem.
2. Implement strategies based on solid research.
3. Hire the right people. Use integrity screening/testing tools. Remember, testing stores have far less employee theft than non-testing stores.
4. Train your people properly.
5. Keep your employees happy. You can solve up to 50% of your problems simply by keeping the employee happy.
Terry Hipp © 2010
AssaultPrevention.info
Shoplifting in addition to Loss Prevention: Do We Need a Fresh Look?
You now read the article Shoplifting in addition to Loss Prevention: Do We Need a Fresh Look? with the link address https://adultsindiapers.blogspot.com/2016/11/shoplifting-in-addition-to-loss.html